# A Cretan Maze using Haskell Diagrams

Posted in: Haskell.

Let’s create mazes with Haskell!! We will try to realize a Cretan maze, the same in which the Minotaur got lost, using the great Haskell Diagrams library. Here is the final picture:

Hypnotic, isnt’t it? A Cretan maze is built using an initial drawing (in red in the following animation) and a seed (the first arc drawn). Once the seed is chosen, the labyrinth can be mechanically drawn: you just have to link the free points at the right and left of the seed, recursively.

Let’s go though the program used to generate this labyrinth. As said before, it is created using the Diagrams library. This was my toy project to help me learning the library. I’ve put it together into a nice little tool that you can find here. Mastering the library took me quite an effort, since it has a lot of abstractions, but it is very powerful (for the same reason!). Fortunately Diagrams comes with a very complete documentation and several very good tutorials.

Let’s begin with the preliminaries (as usual, this blog post is literate Haskell, you can compile and run it):

> {-# LANGUAGE NoMonomorphismRestriction, TypeFamilies, TupleSections #-}
> module Main where
> import Diagrams.Prelude
> import Diagrams.Backend.SVG.CmdLine
> import Diagrams.TwoD.Offset

First we have to draw the initial diagram (in red in the animation). We can notice it has a rotation symmetry, so we need to define only a quarter of it. It consists of a segment, an arc and a point.

> initpts :: [P2]
> initpts = map p2 [(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(1,2)]
>
> drawlines, drawarcs :: Diagram B R2
> drawlines = fromVertices $map p2 [(0,0), (0,2)] > drawarcs = translate (2*unitX + 2*unitY)$ arc (0.5 @@ turn) (0.75 @@ turn)

We assemble everything and rotate it 4 times to obtain the complete figure:

> rep4 :: (Transformable t, V t ~ R2) => t -> [t]
> rep4 a = map (flip rotateBy a) [0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4]
>
> initdraw :: Diagram B R2
> initdraw = mconcat $rep4$ drawlines <> drawarcs
>
> allpts :: [P2]
> allpts = mconcat $rep4 initpts Here comes our first arc. We decide to draw it linking two points on the edge of the figure. > arc0 :: Located (Trail R2) > arc0 = translate (r2 (2, 1+1/2)) (arc' (0.5) (-0.25 @@ turn) (0.25 @@ turn))  We can then remark that each arc is an “offset” (a parallel line) of the previous arc: > offsetArc :: Located (Trail R2) -> Located (Trail R2) > offsetArc arcP = offsetTrail 1 arcP An simple offset of the curve is sometime not enough to join the next point: in some cases, we need to add an additional “cap” on one of the ends. That’s the role of capStart and capEnd, which take a curve, a rotation point and a final point, and draw the necessary cap at the end of the curve. > capStart :: Located (Trail R2) -> P2 -> P2 -> Trail R2 > capStart lt startPt center = if (close 0.0001 startPt (atStart lt)) > then mempty > else capArc 1 center startPt (atStart lt) > > capEnd :: Located (Trail R2) -> P2 -> P2 -> Trail R2 > capEnd lt endPt center = if (close 0.0001 endPt (atEnd lt)) > then mempty > else capArc 1 center (atEnd lt) endPt > > -- arcWithCaps is the concatenation of an offset with its start and end caps > arcWithCaps :: Located (Trail R2) -> P2 -> P2 -> P2 -> P2 -> Located (Trail R2) > arcWithCaps arcP startP startR endP endR = > mconcat [capStart offs startP startR, > unLoc$ offsetArc arcP,
>             capEnd offs endP endR] at startP where
>       offs = offsetArc arcP

Finally, we are able to write the recursive function that draw the arc number n, based on the previous arc. We pass as argument the list of points that we want as a start point respectively for each arc.

> arcN :: [P2] -> Int -> Located (Trail R2)
> arcN _  0 = arc0
> arcN ap n = arcWithCaps' (arcN ap (n-1)) (drop (n-1) ap) (drop (n-1) (reverse ap))

We can now put together all the arcs (8 arcs in total)!

> allArcs :: [Located (Trail R2)]
> allArcs = map (arcN $shiftList 2 allpts) [0..7] > > res :: Diagram B R2 > res = initdraw <> (mconcat$ map strokeLocTrail allArcs)
>
> main = mainWith $rotateBy (1/4)$ (res # lw 0.1 # lc green :: Diagram B R2) 

Following is some helper functions.

> shiftList :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
> shiftList n as = (drop n as) ++ (take n as)
>
> close eps a b = a distanceSq b <= eps*eps
>
> -- | Builds an arc to fit with a given radius, center, start, and end points.
> -- --   A Negative r means a counter-clockwise arc
> capArc :: Double -> P2 -> P2 -> P2 -> Trail R2
> capArc r c a b = trailLike . moveTo c $fs > where > fs | r < 0 = scale (-r)$ arcVCW (a .-. c) (b .-. c)
>          | otherwise = scale r    \$ arcV   (a .-. c) (b .-. c)
>
> -- Arc helpers
> arcV :: (TrailLike t, V t ~ R2) => R2 -> R2 -> t
> arcV u v = arc (direction u) (direction v)
>
> arcVCW :: (TrailLike t, V t ~ R2) => R2 -> R2 -> t
> arcVCW u v = arcCW (direction u) (direction v)
>
> arcWithCaps' arcP (p1:p2:_) (r1:r2:_) = arcWithCaps arcP r2 r1 p2 p1
> arcCWithCaps' _ _ _ = error "lists must contain at least 2 points each"

Now we have the program, let’s play with it! The full program with command line arguments can be found here. First thing we can do is to try a different seed (in blue):

There is only 2 different interesting seeds, due to the symmetries of the initial figure. We can then change the style of the maze very easily, only by changing some parameters of our program! Here are some results:

For the next post, we will explore Chartre style labyrinth!